L-Theanine - Kahathuduwa CN, Wakefield S, West BD, Blume J, Dassanayake TL, Weerasinghe VS, Mastergeorge A. Effects of L-theanine-caffeine combination on sustained attention and inhibitory control among children with ADHD: a proof-of-concept neuroimaging RCT. Sci Rep. 2020 Aug 4;10(1):13072.

L-Theanine - Hidese S, Ogawa S, Ota M, Ishida I, Yasukawa Z, Ozeki M, Kunugi H. Effects of L-Theanine Administration on Stress-Related Symptoms and Cognitive Functions in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2019 Oct 3;11(10):2362. doi: 10.3390/nu11102362.  

L-Theanine - Baba Y, Inagaki S, Nakagawa S, Kaneko T, Kobayashi M, Takihara T. Effects of l-Theanine on Cognitive Function in Middle-Aged and Older Subjects: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study. J Med Food. 2021 Apr;24(4):333-341. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2020.4803. 

L-Theanine - Kahathuduwa CN, Dhanasekara CS, Chin SH, Davis T, Weerasinghe VS, Dassanayake TL, Binks M. l-Theanine and caffeine improve target-specific attention to visual stimuli by decreasing mind wandering: a human functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Nutr Res. 2018 Jan;49:67-78.  

L-Theanine - Giesbrecht T, Rycroft JA, Rowson MJ, De Bruin EA. The combination of L-theanine and caffeine improves cognitive performance and increases subjective alertness. Nutr Neurosci. 2010 Dec;13(6):283-90. 

Guarana - Hack B, Penna EM, Talik T, Chandrashekhar R, Millard-Stafford M. Effect of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) on Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 14;15(2):434. doi: 10.3390/nu15020434. PMID: 36678305; PMCID: PMC9865053.

Guarana - Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Robertson B, Reay J, Brewster-Maund C, Luedemann J, Maggini S, Ruf M, Zangara A, Scholey AB. Improved cognitive performance and mental fatigue following a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement with added guaraná (Paullinia cupana). Appetite. 2008 Mar-May;50(2-3):506-13. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2007.10.007. Epub 2007 Oct 30. PMID: 18077056.

Ginko Biloba - Elsabagh S, Hartley DE, Ali O, et al. Differential cognitive effects of Ginkgo biloba after acute and chronic treatment in healthy young volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2005;179(4):437–446. doi: 10.1007/s00213-005-2206-6.

Ginko Biloba - Liu H, Ye M, Guo H. An Updated Review of Randomized Clinical Trials Testing the Improvement of Cognitive Function of Ginkgo biloba Extract in Healthy People and Alzheimer's Patients. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Feb 21;10:1688. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01688. PMID: 32153388; PMCID: PMC7047126.

Ginko Biloba - Pagotto GLdO, Santos LMOd, Osman N, Lamas CB, Laurindo LF, Pomini KT, Guissoni LM, Lima EPd, Goulart RdA, Catharin VMCS, et al. Ginkgo biloba: A Leaf of Hope in the Fight against Alzheimer’s Dementia: Clinical Trial Systematic Review. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(6):651. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13060651

Sage Leaf - Wightman EL, Jackson PA, Spittlehouse B, Heffernan T, Guillemet D, Kennedy DO. The Acute and Chronic Cognitive Effects of a Sage Extract: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study in Healthy Humans. Nutrients. 2021; 13(1):218. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010218

Sage Leaf - Edwards KD, Dubberke A, Meyer N, Kugel S, Hellhammer J. Assessment of the Effects of a Sage (Salvia officinalis) Extract on Cognitive Performance in Adolescents and Young Adults. medRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory). May 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.21257776

Sage Leaf - Kennedy D, Pace S, Haskell C, et al. Effects of cholinesterase inhibiting sage (Salvia officinalis) on mood, anxiety and performance on a psychological stressor battery. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;31:845–852. doi: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300907

Tyrosine - Colzato LS, Jongkees BJ, Sellaro R, Hommel B. Working memory reloaded: Tyrosine repletes updating in the N-Back task. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2013;7. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00200

Tyrosine - Colzato LS, Jongkees BJ, Sellaro R, van den Wildenberg WPM, Hommel B. Eating to stop: tyrosine supplementation enhances inhibitory control but not response execution. Neuropsychologia 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.027.

Tyrosine - Jongkees B, Hommel B, Kühn S, Colzato L. Effect of tyrosine supplementation on clinical and healthy populations under stress or cognitive demands: A review. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;70:50–57. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.08.014.

Tyrosine - Thomas JR, Lockwood PA, Singh A, Deuster PA. Tyrosine improves working memory in a multitasking environment. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1999;64:495–500. http://dx. doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00200.

Vitamin B9 & B12 - Xu H, Wang S, Gao F, Li C. Vitamin B6, B9, and B12 Intakes and Cognitive Performance in Elders: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011-2014. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022 Mar 9;18:537-553. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S337617. PMID: 35359912; PMCID: PMC8962758.

Vitamin B9 & B12 - Razavinia F, Ebrahimiyan A, Faal Siahkal S, Ghazinezhad N, Abedi P. Vitamins B9 and B12 in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A systematic review. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2024;94(5–6):476–484. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000809.

Vitamin B12 - Durga, J. et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the facit trial: A randomised, double blind, controlled trial, The Lancet, 2007; 369(9557), pp. 208–216. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60109-3.

Vitamin B12 - Li S, Guo Y, Men J, et al. The preventive efficacy of vitamin B supplements on the cognitive decline of elderly adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:367. doi: 10.1186/s12877-021-02253-3.

Zinc - Ghoreishy SM, Ebrahimi Mousavi S, Asoudeh F, et al. Zinc status in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep. 2021;11:14612. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94124-5.

Zinc - Bilici M, Yıldırım F, Kandil S, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zinc sulfate in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry. 2003;28(1D15:D26):181-190. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2003.09.034

L-Tryptophan - Lindseth G, Helland B, Caspers J. The effects of dietary tryptophan on affective disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2015 Apr;29(2):102-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2014.11.008. Epub 2014 Dec 9. PMID: 25858202; PMCID: PMC4393508.

L-Tryptophan - aan het Rot M, Moskowitz DS, Pinard G, Young SN. Social behaviour and mood in everyday life: the effects of tryptophan in quarrelsome individuals. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2006 Jul;31(4):253-62. PMID: 16862243; PMCID: PMC1488902.

L-Tryptophan - Kikuchi A, Tanabe A, Iwahori Y. A systematic review of the effect of L-tryptophan supplementation on mood and emotional functioning. J Diet Suppl. 2020;18:316–33. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1746725

Inositol - Mukai T, Kishi T, Matsuda Y, Iwata N. A meta-analysis of inositol for depression and anxiety disorders. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014 Jan;29(1):55-63. 

Inositol - Palatnik A., Frolov K., Fux M., Benjamin J. Double-blind, controlled, crossover trial of inositol versus fluvoxamine for the treatment of panic disorder. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 2001;21:335–339. 

Inositol - Levine J, Barak Y, Gonzalves M, Szor H, Elizur A, Kofman O, Belmaker RH. Double-blind, controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 May;152(5):792-4. 

Taurine - angra A, Gola P, Singh J, Gond P, Ghosh S, Rachamalla M, Dey A, Iqbal D, Kamal M, Sachdeva P, Jha SK, Ojha S, Kumar D, Jha NK, Chopra H, Tan SC. Emergence of taurine as a therapeutic agent for neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res. 2024 Jan;19(1):62-68. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.374139. PMID: 37488845; PMCID: PMC10479846.

Taurine - Wu GF, Ren S, Tang RY, Xu C, Zhou JQ, Lin SM, Feng Y, Yang QH, Hu JM, Yang JC. Antidepressant effect of taurine in chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive rats. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 10;7(1):4989. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05051-3. PMID: 28694433; PMCID: PMC5504064.

Taurine & Caffeine - Seidl R, Peyrl A, Nicham R, Hauser E. A taurine and caffeine-containing drink stimulates cognitive performance and well-being. Amino Acids. 2000;19(3-4):635-42. doi: 10.1007/s007260070013. PMID: 11140366.

Vitamin B6 - Field DT, Cracknell RO, Eastwood JR, Scarfe P, Williams CM, Zheng Y, Tavassoli T. High-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2022 Nov;37(6):e2852. doi: 10.1002/hup.2852. Epub 2022 Jul 19. PMID: 35851507; PMCID: PMC9787829.

Vitamin B6 - C Curtin A, Johnston CS. Vitamin B6 Supplementation Reduces Symptoms of Depression in College Women Taking Oral Contraceptives: A Randomized, Double-Blind Crossover Trial. J Diet Suppl. 2023;20(4):550-562. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2030843. Epub 2022 Feb 2. PMID: 35109763.

Vitamin B6 - Merete C, Falcon LM, Tucker KL. Vitamin B6 is associated with depressive symptomatology in Massachusetts elders. J Am Coll Nutr. 2008 Jun;27(3):421-7. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2008.10719720. PMID: 18838531; PMCID: PMC2572855

Vitamin D3 - Satyanarayana PT, Suryanarayana R, Yesupatham ST, Varadapuram Ramalingareddy SR, Gopalli NA. Does Vitamin D3 Supplementation Improve Depression Scores among Rural Adolescents? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients. 2024 Jun 11;16(12):1828. doi: 10.3390/nu16121828. PMID: 38931184; PMCID: PMC11206973.

Vitamin D3 - Cheng YC, Huang YC, Huang WL. The effect of vitamin D supplement on negative emotions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2020 Jun;37(6):549-564. doi: 10.1002/da.23025. Epub 2020 May 4. PMID: 32365423.

Vitamin D3 - Lansdowne AT, Provost SC. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1998 Feb;135(4):319-23. doi: 10.1007/s002130050517. PMID: 9539254.

Cocoa - Shin JH, Kim CS, Cha J, Kim S, Lee S, Chae S, Chun WY, Shin DM. Consumption of 85% cocoa dark chocolate improves mood in association with gut microbial changes in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr Biochem. 2022 Jan;99:108854. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108854. Epub 2021 Sep 14. PMID: 34530112.

Cocoa - Scholey AB, French SJ, Morris PJ, Kennedy DO, Milne AL, Haskell CF. Consumption of cocoa flavanols results in acute improvements in mood and cognitive performance during sustained mental effort. J Psychopharmacol. 2010 Oct;24(10):1505-14. doi: 10.1177/0269881109106923. Epub 2009 Nov 26. PMID: 19942640.

Cocoa - Fusar-Poli L, Gabbiadini A, Ciancio A, Vozza L, Signorelli MS, Aguglia E. The effect of cocoa-rich products on depression, anxiety, and mood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2022;62(28):7905-7916. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1920570. Epub 2021 May 10. PMID: 33970709.

Cocoa - Martín MA, Goya L, de Pascual-Teresa S. Effect of Cocoa and Cocoa Products on Cognitive Performance in Young Adults. Nutrients. 2020 Nov 30;12(12):3691. doi: 10.3390/nu12123691. PMID: 33265948; PMCID: PMC7760676.

Yerba Mate - José MF, Machado RP, Araujo PAB, Speretta G. Physiological effects of yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis): A systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2023. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac109

Yerba Mate - Alkhatib A, Atcheson R. Yerba maté (Ilex paraguariensis) metabolic, satiety, and mood state effects at rest and during prolonged exercise. Nutrients. 2017;9:882. doi: 10.3390/nu9080882

Panax Ginseng - Kim HG, Cho JH, Yoo SR, et al. Antifatigue Effects of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61271. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061271

Panax Ginseng - Scholey A, Ossoukhova A, Owen L, et al. Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function: An acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Psychopharmacology. 2010;212:345–56. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1964-y

Panax Ginseng - Choi JH, Lee MJ, Jang M, et al. Panax ginseng exerts antidepressant-like effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory response and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 signaling in the amygdala. Journal of Ginseng Research. 2017;42(1):107-115. doi:10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.012

Rhodiola Rosea - Koozehchian MS, et al. Dose-response effects of short-term Rhodiola rosea supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance in resistance-trained athletes: A randomized, crossover, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. Physiology. 2024. doi: 10.1152/physiol.2024.39.s1.261

Rhodiola Rosea - De Bock K, Eijnde BO, Ramaekers M, Hespel P. Acute Rhodiola rosea intake can improve endurance exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004;14(3):298–307. doi: 10.1123/IJSNEM.14.3.298.

Rhodiola Rosea - Ballmann CG, Maze SB, Wells AC, Marshall MM, Rogers RR. Effects of short-term Rhodiola Rosea (Golden Root Extract) supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance. J Sports Sci. 2019 May;37(9):998-1003. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1538028. Epub 2018 Oct 29. PMID: 30371146.

L-Carnitine - Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Gargante MP, Vacante M, Colonna V, Motta M. 

L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Dec;86(6):1738-44. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/86.5.1738. PMID: 18065594.

L-Carnitine - Virmani MA, Cirulli M. The Role of l-Carnitine in Mitochondria, Prevention of Metabolic Inflexibility and Disease Initiation. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Feb 28;23(5):2717. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052717. PMID: 35269860; PMCID: PMC8910660.

L-Glutamine - Coqueiro AY, Rogero MM, Tirapegui J. Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients. 2019 Apr 17;11(4):863. doi: 10.3390/nu11040863. PMID: 30999561; PMCID: PMC6520936.

Manganese - Lee SH, Jouihan HA, Cooksey RC, Jones D, Kim HJ, Winge DR, McClain DA. Manganese supplementation protects against diet-induced diabetes in wild type mice by enhancing insulin secretion. Endocrinology. 2013 Mar;154(3):1029-38. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1445. Epub 2013 Jan 31. PMID: 23372018; PMCID: PMC3578995.

Manganese - Horning KJ, Caito SW, Tipps KG, Bowman AB, Aschner M. Manganese Is Essential for Neuronal Health. Annu Rev Nutr. 2015;35:71-108. doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034419. Epub 2015 May 13. PMID: 25974698; PMCID: PMC6525788.

Caffeine - Pasman WJ, Boessen R, Donner Y, Clabbers N, Boorsma A. Effect of Caffeine on Attention and Alertness Measured in a Home-Setting, Using Web-Based Cognition Tests. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017 Sep 7;6(9):e169. doi: 10.2196/resprot.6727. PMID: 28882811; PMCID: PMC5608989.

Caffeine - Fiani B, Zhu L, Musch BL, Briceno S, Andel R, Sadeq N, Ansari AZ. The Neurophysiology of Caffeine as a Central Nervous System Stimulant and the Resultant Effects on Cognitive Function. Cureus. 2021 May 14;13(5):e15032. doi: 10.7759/cureus.15032. PMID: 34150383; PMCID: PMC8202818.

Vitamin B1 - Mrowicka M, Mrowicki J, Dragan G, Majsterek I. The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in humans. Biosci Rep. 2023 Oct 31;43(10):BSR20230374. doi: 10.1042/BSR20230374. PMID: 37389565; PMCID: PMC10568373.

Vitamin B1 - Dhir S, Tarasenko M, Napoli E, Giulivi C. Neurological, psychiatric, and biochemical aspects of thiamine deficiency in children and adults. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:207. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00207

L-Glutamine - Ohtani M., Maruyama K., Suzuki S., Sugita M., Kobayashi K. Changes in hematological Parameters of athletes after receiving daily dose of a mixture of 12 amino acids for one month during the middle- and long- distance running training. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2001;65:348–355. doi: 10.1271/bbb.65.348.

L-Glutamine - Cruzat V, Macedo Rogero M, Noel Keane K, Curi R, Newsholme P. Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients. 2018 Oct 23;10(11):1564. doi: 10.3390/nu10111564. PMID: 30360490; PMCID: PMC6266414.

L-Glutamine - Baek JH, Park H, Kang H, Kim R, Kang JS, Kim HJ. The Role of Glutamine Homeostasis in Emotional and Cognitive Functions. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 21;25(2):1302. doi: 10.3390/ijms25021302. PMID: 38279303; PMCID: PMC10816396.

Vitamin B3 - Shen X, Yang L, Liu YY, Jiang L, Huang JF. Association between dietary niacin intake and cognitive function in the elderly: Evidence from NHANES 2011-2014. Food Sci Nutr. 2023 May 16;11(8):4651-4664. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3428. PMID: 37576033; PMCID: PMC10420858.

Vitamin B3 - Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Savini I, Catani MV. Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Feb 23;20(4):974. doi: 10.3390/ijms20040974. PMID: 30813414; PMCID: PMC6412771.

Vitamin B1 & B3 - Wesselink E, Koekkoek WAC, Grefte S, Witkamp RF, van Zanten ARH. Feeding mitochondria: Potential role of nutritional components to improve critical illness convalescence. Clin Nutr. 2019 Jun;38(3):982-995. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.08.032. Epub 2018 Aug 31. PMID: 30201141.

Vitamin B1 & B3 - Golubnitschaja O, Kapinova A, Sargheini N, et al. Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care: Clinically relevant 3PM innovation. EPMA J. 2024;15:163–205. doi: 10.1007/s13167-024-00358-4

Ashwagandha - Andrade C., Aswath A., Chaturvedi S.K., Srinivasa M., Raguram R. A double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the anxiolytic efficacy ff an ethanolic extract of Withania somnifera. Indian J. Psychiatry. 2000;42(3):295–301.

Ashwagandha - Auddy B., Hazra J., Mitra A., Abedon B., Ghosal S. A standardized withania somnifera extract significantly reduces stress-related parameters in chronically stressed humans: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the American Neutraceutical Association. 2008;11(1):50–56.

Ashwagandha - Kelgane S.B., Salve J., Sampara P., Debnath K. Efficacy and tolerability of ashwagandha root extract in the elderly for improvement of general well-being and sleep: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e7083. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7083

Ashwagandha - Khyati S., Anup T. A randomized double blind placebo controlled study of ashwagandha on generalized anxiety disorder. International Ayurvedic Medical Journal. 2013;1(5):1–7.

Glycine - Yamadera W, Inagawa K, Chiba S, Bannai M, Takahashi M, Nakayama K. Glycine ingestion improves subjective sleep quality in human volunteers, correlating with polysomnographic changes. Sleep and Biological Rhythms. 2007;5(2):126-131. doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2007.00262.x

Glycine - Inagawa K, et al. Subjective effects of glycine ingestion before bedtime on sleep quality. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2006;4:75–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00193.x

Glycine - Bannai M, et al. New therapeutic strategy for amino acid medicine: Glycine improves the quality of sleep. J Pharmacol Sci. 2012;118(2):145–8. doi: 10.1254/JPHS.11R04FM

Valerian  - Shinjyo N, Waddell G, Green J. Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2020 Jan-Dec;25:2515690X20967323. doi: 10.1177/2515690X20967323. PMID: 33086877; PMCID: PMC7585905.

Valerian  - Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, Patterson M, Mehling W. Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006 Dec;119(12):1005-12. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026. PMID: 17145239; PMCID: PMC4394901.

Valerian  - Roh D, Jung J, Yoon K, Lee C, Kang L, Lee S, Shin K, Kim D. Valerian extract alters functional brain connectivity: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Phytother Res. 2019;33:939–48. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6286

Hops - Kyrou I, Christou A, Panagiotakos D, Stefanaki C, Skenderi K, Katsana K, Tsigos C. Effects of a hops (Humulus lupulus L.) dry extract supplement on self-reported depression, anxiety, and stress levels in healthy young adults: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover pilot study. Hormones. 2017;16:171–80. doi: 10.14310/horm.2002.1738

Hops /Valerian - Dimpfel W, Suter A. Sleep-improving effects of a single-dose administration of a valerian/hops fluid extract: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled sleep-EEG study. Eur J Med Res. 2008;13(5):200–4. doi: 10.1055/S-2008-1047853

Hops /Valerian - Barbosa M, et al. A systematic review of effectiveness and safety of some herbal compounds as treatment for primary insomnia. Eur Psychiatry. 2024. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1608

Magnesium - Breus M, et al. Effectiveness of magnesium supplementation on sleep quality and mood for adults with poor sleep quality: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover pilot trial. Med Res Arch. 2024. doi: 10.18103/mra.v12i7.5410

Magnesium - Boyle N, et al. The effects of magnesium supplementation on subjective anxiety and stress: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2017;9. doi: 10.3390/nu9050429

Magnesium - Rawji A, et al. Examining the effects of supplemental magnesium on self-reported anxiety and sleep quality: A systematic review. Cureus. 2024;16. doi: 10.7759/cureus.59317

Lemon Balm - Ghazizadeh J, et al. The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2021;35:6690–705. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7252

Lemon Balm - Martínez-Rodríguez A, et al. Anxiolytic effect and improved sleep quality in individuals taking Lippia citriodora extract. Nutrients. 2022;14. doi: 10.3390/nu14010218

Lemon Balm - Mathews IM, Eastwood J, Lamport DJ, Cozannet RL, Fanca-Berthon P, Williams CM. Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review. Nutrients. 2024 Oct 18;16(20):3545. doi: 10.3390/nu16203545. PMID: 39458539; PMCID: PMC11510126.

L-Arginine - Shen KZ, Cox BA, Johnson SW. L-arginine potentiates GABA-mediated synaptic transmission by a nitric oxide-independent mechanism in rat dopamine neurons. Neuroscience. 1997 Aug;79(3):649-58. doi: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00024-9. PMID: 9219930.

L-Arginine - Pervin M, Unno K, Konishi T, Nakamura Y. L-Arginine Exerts Excellent Anti-Stress Effects on Stress-Induced Shortened Lifespan, Cognitive Decline and Depression. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 6;22(2):508. doi: 10.3390/ijms22020508. PMID: 33419170; PMCID: PMC7825557

L-Glutamic acid - Wang L, Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ. Oral L-glutamine increases GABA levels in striatal tissue and extracellular fluid. FASEB J. 2007 Apr;21(4):1227-32. doi: 10.1096/fj.06-7495com. Epub 2007 Jan 11. PMID: 17218538.

L-Glutamic acid - Almutairi S, Sivadas A, Kwakowsky A. The Effect of Oral GABA on the Nervous System: Potential for Therapeutic Intervention. Nutraceuticals. 2024; 4(2):241-259. https://doi.org/10.3390/nutraceuticals4020015